A metabolic study in hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei response to white spot syndrome virus

International Aquatic Research - White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) cause great harm in shrimp aquaculture. To understand the impact of viral infection on the shrimp metabolism, we monitored the...     

Properties of polymers as a nanoscale material for fibers in leather

Hyperbranched polymers, an innovative class of nano-polymers, could enhance the properties of fibers owning to their unique structures. In this study, the ester compound (HPAE) of 3-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)propionic acid and pentaerythritol was treated with undecylenic acid to obtain novel hyperbranched multiterminal alkenyl polymers (HPAE-UAs). The sizes of the HPAE-UAs could be controlled conveniently from 400 to 1300 nm by adjusting the capped fraction of the hydroxyl groups with undecylenic acids. The molecular structures of HPAE-UAs were characterized by means of FT-IR and ¹H-NMR. Then, the effect of the HPAE-UAs on the structures, thermal, and mechanical properties of the wet blue leather were investigated. TEM and SEM demonstrated that the spacing between fibers was enlarged. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the residual volume of leather could reach up to 30.3 % at about 500 °C. Furthermore, the shrinkage temperature increased to 89.4 °C. It was found that the HPAE-UAs used in leather could improve the thermal performance, physical and mechanical properties. All of these results indicate that HPAE-UAs can be used as a fatliquor with retanning in leather process.     

棉种硫酸脱绒技术的演变

概述了棉种硫酸脱绒技术分类及其演变，分析了3种稀硫酸脱绒技术的异同以及酸溶液脱绒技术的优势。     

Coexisting invasive gobies reveal no evidence for temporal and trophic niche differentiation in the sublittoral habitat of Lake Erhai,China

Niche differentiation facilitates the coexistence of species within a community through avoidance of competition via mechanisms involving spatial, temporal and/or trophic dimensions. Where invasive species coexist in their non‐native range, niche differentiation could allow their persistence at higher levels of abundance. Here, we tested whether there was temporal and/or trophic niche differentiation between two congeneric invasive goby species (Rhinogobius cliffordpopei and Rhinogobius giurinus) in the sublittoral habitat of Lake Erhai (south‐west China) through quantifying their diel and seasonal rhythm of locomotion activities, feeding activities and diet composition. Both species displayed two similar diel peaks in activity and two main feeding periods (6:00–10:00 and 18:00–22:00), with rhythms of locomotion and feeding activity not differing significantly between the species in each season. Their diets had a high degree of overlap, being primarily composed of macrozooplankton, aquatic insects and shrimp larvae, with no diel changes across the seasons. Thus, in this habitat, there was no clear temporal or trophic niche differentiation between the invasive congeners, indicating their coexistence with high temporal and trophic overlap. In conjunction with data from the littoral and profundal habitats, the gobies revealed different strategies across the habitats (e.g. spatial segregation, trophic niche differentiation) that minimised their competitive interactions and promoted their coexistence. This suggests that the interactions of invasive fishes during the integration into native communities can be context dependent, varying according to factors including habitat and the availability of food resources.     

Comparative functional responses of native and high‐impacting invasive fishes: impact predictions for native prey populations

Comparative functional responses (FRs) can predict impacts of invasive species, including piscivorous fishes, via quantifying their depletion of native food resources as a function of prey density. The utility of FRs for predicting impacts on prey populations by invasive fishes of different trophic guilds was tested here by comparing the FRs of the invaders Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus, with three native, trophically analogous fishes, Barbus barbus, Squalius cephalus and Tinca tinca. Chironomid larvae and Gammarus pulex were used as prey items. Predictions, developed from studies on the foraging of C. carpio and C. auratus in the literature, were that the invaders would have significantly higher consumption rates for chironomids than the native fishes, but not for G. pulex. Mean consumption rates for chironomids were significantly lower for both invaders than B. barbus and S. cephalus, but were similar to T. tinca. Barbus barbus had a significantly lower consumption rate of G. pulex than both invaders, but there were no significant differences between S. cephalus, T. tinca and the invaders. All FRs were type II, with FR curves for the invaders preying upon chironomids never being significantly higher than the native fishes, contrary to predictions. For G. pulex, some significant differences were apparent between the invaders and native fishes, but again were contrary to predictions. These results indicated that when predation impacts of invasive fishes could also be a function of their population density and body sizes, these parameters should be incorporated into FR models to improve impact predictions.     

“十二五”期间北疆早熟陆地棉品质育种进展分析

通过分析“十二五”期间新疆审定的早熟陆地棉品种纤维品质变化，研究纤维品质的整体状况及发展趋势，为育种及相关决策做参考。以2011―2015年审定命名的早熟棉花品种（新陆早系列）为对象，按年度对6个主要纤维品质指标进行汇总分析。这5年育成棉花品种的纤维上半部平均长度大多在29～30 mm，断裂比强度集中在29.5～31.0 cN·tex^－1，缺少长度≥31 mm、断裂比强度＞31 cN·tex^－1的品种。马克隆值主要分布在B2和A级，长度整齐度指数、纺纱均匀性指数及断裂伸长率均较优。育成的品种均以普通陆地棉为主，类型相对单一，纤维品质大多在中等偏上；各年度间品种纤维品质水平相当，缺乏优质棉品种。棉花育种应加强行业间协作，引进种质资源，重视纤维品质的培优；制定科学的育种目标，配套相应的品种审定标准。     

桑植县茶产业现状及发展对策

通过对桑植县茶产业现状进行实地考察调研,剖析桑植县茶产业发展的优势与不足,提出桑植县茶产业发展的对策措施。     

Combining multi-source data to explore a mechanism for the effects of micrometeorological elements on nutrient variations in paddy land water

Paddy land plays a key role in global crop production. Thus, paddy land water is a potential source of nitrogen and phosphorus; both nutrients largely contribute to non-point source pollution because they usually vary closely with micrometeorological elements (MEs) during the growth period. However, few studies have focused on the mechanism of co-variation between nutrients and MEs at the field scale. The relationships between nutrients in the paddy land water and MEs as well as soil water content, soil temperature, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are still unclear. In this paper, an in situ experiment was designed to obtain 5 years of meteorological data and nutrient data (nitrogen and phosphorus); the size of the experiment plot is in accordance with the spatial resolution of NDVI data. Multi-source meteorological and satellite data were integrated to explore the mechanism of co-variation. The results show that precipitation, air temperature, and solar radiation are the three MEs significantly affecting the nitrogen concentration in the paddy land water during the growth period. The air temperature is the most important ME influencing the phosphorus concentration. At the same time, the NDVI, as an effective indicator of the photosynthetic potential of rice used to explore the relationship between nutrients, has a prominent influence on soluble nutrients, especially on dissolved phosphorus. These findings could significantly improve our understanding about the responses of paddy land nutrients during the growth period to the surrounding drivers, inclusive of MEs, soil water, soil temperature, and NDVI. Undoubtedly, it is a potentially helpful means to monitor the sources of non-point pollution.     

Complete nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of Pacific abalone <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haliotis discus hannai</Emphasis>

Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai (Haliotidae, Gastropoda) is an economically important shellfish species in northern China. The complete nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) of Pacific abalone was amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. The length of the nrDNA was determined to be around 10.7 kb, and to contain, in order, small subunit ribosomal RNA (nrSSU) genes (1871 bp), internal transcribed spacer (ITS, 759–762 bp), large subunit ribosomal RNA (nrLSU) gene (3411 bp), and an intergenic spacer (IGS, 4624–4654 bp). The SSU and LSU regions were almost identical in different individuals, and show little variation from those of other abalone species. The two different variations of the ITS2 region were presented, and this phenomenon also existed in other species. A phylogeny tree was constructed, based on ITS region sequence datasets, to determine the evolutionary relationships of abalones. Abalones have two major subclades, mainly distributed in the North Pacific, Europe and Australia. The IGS region of the nrDNA was sequenced and analyzed for the first time. Several repeat fragments were present upstream of the sequence, and were significantly different between individuals (93.86% sequence identity). The complete nrDNA sequence will be useful for the classification, identification, phylogeny, germplasm management, and breeding of this shellfish.     

大豆Abhydrolase_3基因家族进化分析

异黄酮是大豆的重要次生代谢物,参与植物与微生物互作。2-羟基异黄酮脱水酶(hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase,HID)催化2-羟基异黄酮形成稳定的异黄酮。HID属于Abhydrolase_3基因家族,该基因家族具有多种功能,但该基因家族在大豆中的进化模式尚待研究。为了研究Abhydrolase_3基因家族在大豆中的进化模式,本文在大豆基因组中鉴定了62个Abhydrolase_3基因,串联和片段复制是该基因家族主要扩增方式。根据系统进化关系,将大豆Abhydrolase_3基因家族划分为8个亚家族,其中HID所在的亚家族I基因数量最多,并发生多次基因扩增事件。对大豆Abhydrolase_3基因家族结构分析表明,不同亚家族具有不同的基序。多态性分析表明,亚家族Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ具有较高的核苷酸差异,并受到放松的自然选择。基因表达分析表明,除了亚家族II和IV外,其它亚家族的基因在大豆不同组织中有较高表达;亚家族Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ基因受病原菌诱导表达。结果说明HID所在的亚家族I存在基因扩增和功能分化,与病原菌互作相关的基因具有较高的遗传多样性并受病原菌诱导表达。